Subhas Chandra Bose

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Lore & Background

Subhas Chandra Bose was born into wealth and privilege in a large Bengali family in Orissa during the British Raj. The early recipient of an Anglo-centric education, he was sent after college to England to take the Indian Civil Service examination. He succeeded with distinction in the vital first exam but demurred at taking the routine final exam, citing nationalism to be the higher calling. Returning to India in 1921, Bose joined the nationalist movement led by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. He followed Jawaharlal Nehru to leadership in a group within the Congress which was less keen on constitutional reform and more open to socialism. Bose became Congress president in 1938. After reelection in 1939, differences arose between him and the Congress leaders, including Gandhi, over the future federation of British India and princely states, but also because discomfort had grown among the Congress leadership over Bose's negotiable attitude to non-violence, and his plans for greater powers for himself. After the large majority of the Congress Working Committee members resigned in protest, Bose resigned as president and was eventually ousted from the party.

Reader's Guide

Bose's legacy is mixed. Among many in India, he is seen as a hero, his saga serving as a would-be counterpoise to the many actions of regeneration, negotiation, and reconciliation over a quarter-century through which the independence of India was achieved. His collaborations with Japanese fascism and Nazism pose serious ethical dilemmas, especially his reluctance to publicly criticise the worst excesses of German anti-Semitism from 1938 onwards or to offer refuge in India to its victims. The Indian National Congress, the main instrument of Indian nationalism, praised Bose's patriotism but distanced itself from his tactics and ideology. The British Raj, never seriously threatened by the INA, charged 300 INA officers with treason in the Indian National Army trials, but eventually backtracked in the face of opposition by the Congress, and a new mood in Britain for rapid decolonisation in India. Bose died from third-degree burns after his plane crashed in Taiwan (then under Japanese occupation) on 18 August 1945. Some Indians did not believe that the crash had occurred, expecting Bose to return to secure India's independence.

Did You Know?

• The honorific Netaji (Hindustani for 'Respected Leader') was first applied to Bose in Germany in early 1942 by the Indian soldiers of the Indische Legion and by German and Indian officials in the Special Bureau for India in Berlin.
• Bose succeeded with distinction in the vital first exam for the Indian Civil Service in England but refused to take the routine final exam, citing nationalism as the higher calling.
• Adolf Hitler met Bose only once, in late May 1942, and agreed to arrange a submarine for his transfer to southeast Asia.
• Bose's wife or companion Emilie Schenkl gave birth to a baby girl during his time in Germany.
• The British Raj charged 300 INA officers with treason in the Indian National Army trials but eventually backtracked in the face of opposition by the Congress and a new mood in Britain for rapid decolonisation.

Early Life and the Clash of Two Worlds

Subhas Chandra Bose was born to Bengali parents Prabhabati Bose (née Dutt) and Janakinath Bose on 23 January 1897 in Cuttack—in what is today the state of Odisha in India but was part of the Bengal Presidency in British India. Prabhabati had her first child at age 14 and 13 children thereafter; Subhas was the ninth child and the sixth son. Janakinath, a successful lawyer and government pleader, was loyal to the government of British India. In January 1902, Bose entered the Baptist Mission's Protestant European School in Cuttack. English was the medium of all instruction; the curriculum included English, Latin, the Bible, good manners, British geography, and British History; no Indian languages were taught. The choice was his father's, who wanted his sons to speak flawless English with flawless intonation. At home, only Bengali was spoken; his mother worshipped the Hindu goddesses Durga and Kali, told stories from the Mahabharata and Ramayana, and sang Bengali religious songs. In 1909, Bose moved to the Ravenshaw Collegiate School in Cuttack, where Bengali and Sanskrit were also taught, along with ideas from Hindu scriptures such as the Vedas and the Upanishads. In 1912, he secured the second position in the matriculation examination under the University of Calcutta. In 1913, he entered Presidency College, Calcutta, to study philosophy, reading Kant, Hegel, Bergson and other Western philosophers. In February 1916, Bose was alleged to have masterminded or participated in an incident involving Professor E. F. Oaten; a college servant testified to seeing Bose among those fleeing. Bose was expelled from the college.

Rise and Rupture Within the Congress

After succeeding with distinction in the vital first exam for the Indian Civil Service in England, Bose demurred at taking the routine final exam, citing nationalism to be the higher calling. Returning to India in 1921, he joined the nationalist movement led by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. He followed Jawaharlal Nehru to leadership in a group within the Congress which was less keen on constitutional reform and more open to socialism. Bose became Congress president in 1938. After reelection in 1939, differences arose between him and the Congress leaders, including Gandhi, over the future federation of British India and princely states, but also because discomfort had grown among the Congress leadership over Bose's negotiable attitude to non-violence, and his plans for greater powers for himself. After the large majority of the Congress Working Committee members resigned in protest, Bose resigned as president and was eventually ousted from the party.

Axis Alliances and the Indian National Army

In April 1941 Bose arrived in Nazi Germany, where the leadership offered unexpected but equivocal sympathy for India's independence. German funds were employed to open a Free India Centre in Berlin. A 3,000-strong Free India Legion was recruited from among Indian POWs captured by Erwin Rommel's Afrika Korps to serve under Bose. By the spring of 1942, the German army was mired in Russia and Bose became keen to move to southeast Asia, where Japan had just won quick victories. Adolf Hitler during his only meeting with Bose in late May 1942 agreed to arrange a submarine. During this time, Bose became a father; his wife, or companion, Emilie Schenkl, gave birth to a baby girl. Bose boarded a German submarine in February 1943. Off Madagascar, he was transferred to a Japanese submarine from which he disembarked in Japanese-held Sumatra in May 1943. With Japanese support, Bose revamped the Indian National Army (INA), which comprised Indian prisoners of war of the British Indian army who had been captured by the Japanese in the Battle of Singapore. A Provisional Government of Free India (Azad Hind) was declared on the Japanese-occupied Andaman and Nicobar Islands and was nominally presided over by Bose. Although Bose was unusually driven and charismatic, the Japanese considered him to be militarily unskilled, and his soldierly effort was short-lived. In late 1944 and early 1945, the British Indian Army reversed the Japanese attack on India. Almost half of the Japanese forces and fully half of the participating INA contingent were killed. The remaining INA was driven down the Malay Peninsula and surrendered with the recapture of Singapore. Bose chose to escape to Manchuria to seek a future in the Soviet Union which he believed to have turned anti-British.

Death, Denial, and a Divided Legacy

Bose died from third-degree burns after his plane crashed in Taiwan (then under Japanese occupation) on 18 August 1945. Some Indians did not believe that the crash had occurred, expecting Bose to return to secure India's independence. The Indian National Congress, the main instrument of Indian nationalism, praised Bose's patriotism but distanced itself from his tactics and ideology. The British Raj, never seriously threatened by the INA, charged 300 INA officers with treason in the Indian National Army trials, but eventually backtracked in the face of opposition by the Congress, and a new mood in Britain for rapid decolonisation in India. Bose's legacy is mixed. Among many in India, he is seen as a hero, his saga serving as a would-be counterpoise to the many actions of regeneration, negotiation, and reconciliation over a quarter-century through which the independence of India was achieved. His collaborations with Japanese fascism and Nazism pose serious ethical dilemmas, especially his reluctance to publicly criticise the worst excesses of German anti-Semitism from 1938 onwards or to offer refuge in India to its victims.